Software Developer Free Essays

R N S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHANNASANDRA, BANGALORE – 61 UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES FOR 6TH SEMESTER INFORMATION SCIENCE SUBJECT CODE: 06CS62 PREPARED BY RAJKUMAR Assistant Professor Department of Information Science DIVYA K 1RN09IS016 6th Semester Information Science and Engineering 1rn09is016@gmail. com Text Books: 1 Terrence Chan: Unix System Programming Using C++, Prentice Hall India, 1999. 2 W. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Developer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Richard Stevens, Stephen A. Rago: Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2005 Notes have been circulated on self risk nobody can be held responsible if anything is wrong or is improper information or insufficient information provided in it. Contents: UNIT 1, UNIT 2, UNIT 3, UNIT 4, UNIT 5, UNIT 6, UNIT 7 RNSIT UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION UNIX AND ANSI STANDARDS UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of ATT employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McElroy and Joe Ossanna. Today UNIX systems are split into various branches, developed over time by ATT as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations. The ANSI C Standard In 1989, American National Standard Institute (ANSI) proposed C programming language standard X3. 159-1989 to standardise the language constructs and libraries. This is termed as ANSI C standard. This attempt to unify the implementation of the C language supported on all computer system. The major differences between ANSI C and KR C [Kernighan and Ritchie] are as follows: ? Function prototyping ? Support of the const and volatile data type qualifiers. Support wide characters and internationalization. ? Permit function pointers to be used without dereferencing. Function prototyping ANSI C adopts C++ function prototype technique where function definition and declaration include function names, arguments’ data types, and return value data types. This enables ANSI C compilers to check for function calls in user progr ams that pass invalid number of arguments or incompatible arguments’ data type. These fix a major weakness of KR C compilers: invalid function calls in user programs often pass compilation but cause programs to crash when they are executed. Eg: unsigned long foo(char * fmt, double data) { /*body of foo*/ } unsigned long foo(char * fmt, double data); eg: int printf(const char* fmt,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ); External declaration of this function foo is specify variable number of arguments Support of the const and volatile data type qualifiers. ? The const keyword declares that some data cannot be changed. Eg: int printf(const char* fmt,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ); Declares a fmt argument that is of a const char * data type, meaning that the function printf cannot modify data in any character array that is passed as an actual argument value to fmt. Volatile keyword specifies that the values of some variables may change asynchronously, giving an hint to the compiler’s optimization algorithm not to remove any â€Å"redundant† statements that involve â€Å"volatile† objects. char get_io() { volatile char* io_port = 0x7777; char ch = *io_port; /*read first byte of data*/ ch = *io_port; /*read second byte of data*/ } ? eg: If io_port variable is not declared to be volatile when the program is compiled, the compiler may eliminate second ch = *io_port statement, as it is considered redundant with respect to the previous statement. Prepared By: RAJKUMAR [Asst. Prof. ] DIVYA K [1RN09IS016] Page 1 RNSIT UNIX SYSTEM PROGRAMMING NOTES The const and volatile data type qualifiers are also supported in C++. Support wide characters and internationalisation ? ? ANSI C supports internationalisation by allowing C-program to use wide characters. Wide characters use more than one byte of storage per character. ANSI C defines t he setlocale function, which allows users to specify the format of date, monetary and real number representations. For eg: most countries display the date in dd/mm/yyyy format whereas US displays it in mm/dd/yyyy format. Function prototype of setlocale function is: ? #include char setlocale (int category, const char* locale); ? The setlocale function prototype and possible values of the category argument are declared in the header. The category values specify what format class(es) is to be changed. Some of the possible values of the category argument are: category value effect on standard C functions/macros LC_CTYPE LC_TIME LC_NUMERIC LC_MONETARY LC_ALL ? ? ? ? ? Affects behavior of the macros Affects date and time format. Affects number representation format Affects monetary values format combines the affect of all above Permit function pointers without dereferencing ANSI C specifies that a function pointer may be used like a function name. No referencing is needed when calling a function whose address is contained in the pointer. For Example, the following statement given below defines a function pointer funptr, which contains the address of the function foo. extern void foo(double xyz,const int *ptr); void (*funptr)(double,const int *)=foo; The function foo may be invoked by either directly calling foo or via the funptr. foo(12. 78,†Hello world†); funptr(12. 78,†Hello world†); KR C requires funptr be dereferenced to call foo. (* funptr) (13. 48,†Hello usp†); ANSI C also defines a set of C processor(cpp) symbols, which may be used in user programs. These symbols are assigned actual values at compilation time. cpp SYMBOL USE _STDC_ Feature test macro. Value is 1 if a compiler is ANSI C, 0 otherwise _LINE_ Evaluated to the physical line number of a source file. _FILE_ Value is the file name of a module that contains this symbol. _DATE_ Value is the date that a module containing this symbol is compiled. _TIME_ value is the time that a module containing this symbol is compiled. The following test_ansi_c. c program illustrates the use of these symbols: #include int main() { #if _STDC_==0 printf(â€Å"cc is not ANSI C compliant†); #else printf(â€Å"%s compiled at %s:%s. This statement is at line %d †, _FILE_ , _DATE_ , _TIME_ , _LINE_ );

The Theatre in the modern society free essay sample

The 21-st century brought great changes into the theatre. Television, radio, cinema, video altered the course of the major performing arts and created the new ones. But still there are hundreds of musical comedy theatres, drama theatres, opera houses, puppet thea-tres, philharmonics and conservatoires where the audience is excited at the prospect of see-ing a play and the actors are most encouraged by the warm reception. I’d like to tell some words about the theatre. It is a building where plays, operas or ballets are performed. Of course, it has a stage for the actors and an auditorium where the audience sits. The curtain usually separates the stage from the auditorium. The most expensive seats are in the stalls, boxes and dress-circles. The seats in the balcony, pit and the upper- circle are comparatively cheaper. An intricate system of lights illuminates the stage. While the curtain is down, the workers on the stage can change the scenery and prepare the stage for the next part of the performance. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theatre in the modern society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A play lives a long life it makes its appearance on the stage before the audience. It is a real part of art and its creation calls for inspiration, talent and artistic ingenuity. A play-wright conceives an idea and after several months of hard work his idea develops into the script of the play. And finally, when everything is ready and the rehearsal goes off without a hitch, a dress rehearsal is called. After some time the curtain rises, the play faces the au-dience on its first night. As for me, I am not much of a theatre goer but sometimes I like to go to the theatre with my friends or relatives just to relax. But I never forget my last visit to the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Drama Theatre named after Ivan Franko. The teacher bought several tickets for our group at the advance box-office for the performance â€Å"The hotel of two worlds†. There were brilliant actors and actresses in the cast. The leading actress was inex-pressibly moving and top favorite. It seemed to me she was at her best and the play kept the audience in suspense from beginning to end. It was the truly remarkable performance provoking laughter and tears by turns. Besides, it was a great educational value. The concluding scene was exciting enough, the final moment was thrilling and un-forgettable. The actors received a tremendous acclamation from the audience. There was no doubt it was warmly received by the audience, many of pieces were encored. It was ob-vious that the performance was a great success.

Two Kinds By Amy Tan Essay Example For Students

Two Kinds By Amy Tan Essay Two Kinds By Amy TanAmy Tans heartbreaking story, ?Two Kinds?, is a powerful example ofconflicting personalities and needs that cause a struggle between parent andchild. In every family, parents have, at one point, imposed their failures andexpectations on their children, and in worse cases have even tried to livethrough their children. At times, it can be in the best interest of the child tohave a parent motivate them in a specific direction, but as in this story it cansometimes backfire, and the child can be left with feelings of disapproval andquestions of ?self-worth.? Instead of enforcing these standards parentsshould let their children be individuals, and have them learn through their ownconscious decisions, and only interfere when the child is headed in the wrongdirection. Of course, family values and morals should be taught to a child at ayoung age to prevent any disastrous situations, and help the child determinebetween right and wrong. Jing-Mei stands for this individualism in the story,and the mother represents that obtrusive unwanted force. Amy Tans message inthis passage is clear. Frequently imposing standards on a person throughouttheir life can greatly affect their actions, feelings, and attitudes. The majorconflict in this story is between Jing-Mei and her mother. Ever since Jing-Meiwas a little girl her mother has believed she could be a prodigy. Her motherwould watch television or read articles in magazines to get ideas from otheramazing children. Then she would test Jing-Mei tirelessly to try and findsomething she would be best at. At first Jing-Mei seemed to enjoy her mothersintentions, ? In fact in the beginning I was just as excited as my mother,maybe even more so? (386), but as time went on the tests started to get harderand Jing-Mei kept failing repeatedly. After constantly having to see her mothersdisappointed face, Jing-Meis attitude and feelings began to change, ?Ihated the tests, the raised hopes and failed expectations.? (387) She b egan tosee a new side of herself; a strong powerful girl with willful thoughts and lotsof wonts, ? I wont let her change me, I promised myself I wont bewhat Im not.? (387) So throughout the rest of her life she asserted herright to fall short of her mothers expectations, believing that she could neverbe anything she wanted to be, she can only be herself. Jing-Mei is theprotagonist in this story; we read the story through her eyes and her point ofview. She makes herself seem more like a victim of her mothers expectationsrather than what she really is, a hurt little girl who does not understand whyher mother does not accept her for who she is. Jing-Mei has to deal with bothexternal and internal conflicts. The internal being her feelings of acceptingwho she is and how she would like to live her life, and the external being hermothers constant pushing of her pseudo images of what she believes Jing-Meishould be. Jing-Meis upbringing in a society that highly values individualismand autono my has had a great effect on her feelings and actions. This influencehas enabled her to make the decision that she cannot abide by her mothersexpectations anymore, and it has helped her stand firmly behind it. The motheris the antagonist in the story; she does not realize what she is doing to herdaughter. In her mind she is just helping Jing-Mei to strive for the best, byJing-Mei opposing her it makes her feel that her daughter is ungrateful anddisobedient. This wanting and pushing for the best stems from their currentsituation, of having little money, and from the mothers past experiences. .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c , .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .postImageUrl , .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c , .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c:hover , .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c:visited , .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c:active { border:0!important; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c:active , .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1a92fd3ac0cbb57998a1e632792d5f3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Science I Essay We will write a custom essay on Two Kinds By Amy Tan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now ?America was where all my mothers hopes lay.? (386) This is the countrywere she wants her daughter to have a better life than she had. She was born inChina where she lost everything: her mother and father, her family home, herfirst husband, and her twin baby girls. She was not regretful of her past, andshe always felt ?things could get better in so many ways.? (386) The loss ofher daughters and her belief that you could be anything you want to be inAmerica is a strong example of why she is so persistent in making Jing-Meibecome the best she can be. Its like she is taking all her hopes and dreamsfor three daughters and throwing it all on top of one, as if Jing-Mei had tofulfill the lives of her ?dead? sisters. Although the mother did not presenther motivations in the correct manner, I believe she truly meant no harm, andwas only trying to be a good parent. The atmosphere of the story continues withan array of conflicts. Jing-Mei is forced to take piano lessons after her mothersaw a Ch inese girl, whom resembled Jing-Mei, playing piano on the Ed Sullivanshow. Being that Jing-Mei had no interest in playing piano she lazily went abouther lessons, and got away with it, because she had a deaf teacher. Jing-Mei didthis despite the fact that her mother had traded housecleaning services for herlessons. Not knowing of her daughters disobedience, Jing-Meis motherbragged about her one day after church ? If we ask Jing-Mei wash dish, shehear nothing but music. Its like you cant stop this natural talent.? (390)This made Jing-Mei even more determined to put a stop to her mothers foolishpride. By not practicing and being determined to disappoint her mother, Jing-Meiis humiliated one evening after she tried to play the piano at a talent show. Even though Jing-Mei continuously wanted to disappoint her mother that night hermothers face devastated her. This situation lead to their final conflict. Notgiving up on her, Jing-Meis mother tried to get her to return to her lessonsone afternoon. After throwing a tantrum Jing-Mei said the words that would endtheir quarrels for good, ? Then I wish Id never been born! I wish I weredead! Like them.? (393) After saying this to her mother everything stopped,her hopes, her dreams everything she wanted for her daughter ended in thatsingle moment. Jing-Mei and her mother are both at fault in this story. Insteadof trying to please one another, their heads were clouded with their ownselfishness. They destroyed that mother-daughter bond they should have shared. It is unfortunate that Jing-Mei realizes what she has lost after it is too late,and her mother has already passed on. They were the same, Jing-Mei and hermother, but blinded by their own needs they never realized ? they were twohalves of the same song ? Two Kinds by Amy Tan Essay Example For Students Two Kinds by Amy Tan Essay Turning through pages of stories the words within them appear to be dimensionless and static. As one begins reading, a discovery of a spirited journey is made. In the story, Two Kinds written by Amy Tan a crucial component she created was the narrator. The narrative voice develops the tone, symbolism, language, and characters in the story which make the story come alive in your thoughts. Jing-Mei is the narrator who is a daughter of a Chinese immigrant. As the story advances, her journey of struggle through the relationship with her overbearing mother is unraveled. Instantly there is a closeness felt with Jing-Mei. This is because of the part she plays as a protagonist. You can understand what she is going through because she is portraying a storyteller. She is a first person narrator who helps you see out of the eyes of a young Chinese American girl. The way in which she addresses herself with the pronoun I and her mother as she show that the words and thoughts are a part of her. We will write a custom essay on Two Kinds by Amy Tan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As Jing-Mei speaks about a time in her childhood when her mother pushed her to become a prodigy, there are recognizable immature qualities she possessed. She was highly imaginative and satisfied with the ongoing process to become perfect. The words she used were highly vibrant images. She fantasizes of being like the Christ child lifted out of the straw manger, crying with holy indignity. Her hope is to be perfect, not for the reward of fame, but for the love of her parents. She wanted to make them happy and please them. This is something that almost all children want to do. As Jing-Mei wished more and more to be this type of super kid rebellion was inevitable. This was also a trait borne out of her childishness. While her mother wanted to create a genius, she wanted to demolish her dream. This change of heart occurred after numerous tests her mother had given her to memorize bible passages and world capitals. Each time she was wrong and faltered in remembering there were continued looks of disappointment from her mother. By this time she stopped fantasizing about being something special. She desired independence from her mother and resists the high standards her mother has set for her. Jing-Mei thought, I wont let her change me, I promised myself. Moreover she rejects the hope of being the child prodigy. With a childs perspective we can be given the truth. Jing-Mei has an honest view of the world, so we can trust what she is feeling. Her reactions and emotions are blunt. During the showdown after the talent show fiasco she protested that she was not going to anymore piano lessons. She exchanged heated words with her mother. After knowing her mother had lost her twin daughters she said the meanest thing she could. Jing-Mei shouted, I wish I were dead! Like them. Her words displayed every ounce of strength and anger she had. The dialogue exchanged  between her and her mother are sound very realistic, so trust has been established with the reader and the narrator. Jing-Meis mother has jumbled up English words with some Chinese words. This alternation of mostly choppy English and her cultural dialect makes her mother sound like an authentic Chinese mother. She called her daughter ni kan and commented that Auntie Lindos daughter, she is only best tricky. Jing-Meis words are also not too simple, but not complicated either. You can sympathize with her situation and the choosing of her passionate words. She sobbed and said during an argument, Ill never be the kind of daughter you want me to be! This exhibited how strongly she felt about expressing herself. .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 , .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .postImageUrl , .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 , .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67:hover , .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67:visited , .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67:active { border:0!important; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67:active , .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67 .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf3e11e2b1d621657ff3fd81c6103b67:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Historical Novel EssayDuring most of the story the tone is set by the anger and disappointment. This is characterized by the daughter feeling that she was never acceptable to her mother. She asked, Why dont you like me the way I am? The only way she could handle her mothers expectations was to always succumb to defeat. By the end of the story the tone takes a different turn. In addition, the voice has matured from a girl into a woman. Jing-Meis mother offers the piano that they had fought over as a peace offering. Jing-Mei always thought that throughout her life even after the piano fight she had failed her mother by dropping out of college and not getting straight As. Finally, she found that her mother never lost any hope for her no matter how many times she failed. Her mother still dreamed that she could be a prodigy if she wanted to. It was all up to her. After all, her mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. The two tones depicted all through the story can be tied to Jing-Meis ending thought. The piano piece she had struggled to play at the talent show was entitled Pleading Child and was a very slow and difficult song. She saw that on the next page was a song called Perfectly Contented which was quick and happy. These were two halves of the same song. This can be compared to her life. During her childhood and part of her adulthood she had felt dissatisfied with her life and with the choices she had made. After she was offered the piano and even after her mother died she had found inner peace. She had reconciled the issues of her failures and knew that her mother never considered them failures. The two songs demonstrated how she had experienced two parts of her life. Amy Tans utilization of Jing-Mei affected all the intricate pieces of the story. She showed that the voice of a character and narrator can develop a bond between the reader and the story. Jing-Meis narration brought a comprehension to ideas and various emotions. Without her the story could not have imprinted any heartfelt lessons.

Women’s Brains Essay Example

Women’s Brains Essay Example Women’s Brains Paper Women’s Brains Paper Women’s Brains by Stephen Jay Gould discusses how inferior women are to men, based on scientific data. George Eliot, in the prelude of Middlemarch, grieved over the unfulfilled lives of talented women. She wrote in 1872 that the leaders of European anthropometry or measurement of the human body, scientifically measured the inferiority of women. But it was craniometry or measurement of the skull, led by Professor Paul Broca, which got more attention. Broca argued that women had smaller brains than men, therefore could not equal their intelligence. He claimed this is scientific truth since men in modern societies possessed larger brains and that their superiority through time increases. He based this on extensive data that came from autopsies he performed in four Parisian hospitals. For 292 male brains, he calculated an average weight of 1,325 grams; 140 female brains averaged 1,144 grams for a difference of 181 grams, or 14 percent of the male weight. Though he recognized that the difference in brain size could be attributed to greater height of males, he made no effort to measure the effect of size alone and claimed that it cannot account for the entire difference. However, there are those who oppose Broca’s fold. One was Tiedemann, who proposed that the relatively small female brain size depends in part upon their physical inferiority and in part upon their intellectual inferiority. Another defender of women was L. Manouvrier, who claimed that women displayed their talents and diplomas and invoked philosophical authorities. Unfortunately, bad commentaries and sarcasm outnumbered these positive points. Examples of which were theologians asking if women had a soul and scientists ready to refuse them of a human intelligence. In 1873, Broca measured cranial capacities of prehistoric skulls from L’Homme Mort cave and found a difference of only 99.5 cubic centimeters between males and females. According to Topinard, one of Broca’s disciples, the increasing discrepancy through time is attributed to active men, who have all the responsibility and therefore needs more brain, and to the passive woman, whose role is childrearing. But the chief misogynist of Broca’s school was Gustave Le Bon, who claimed that there are a large number of women whose brains are closer in size to the gorillas’ than to most developed male brains. Even psychologists, poets, and novelists recognized that women represent the most inferior forms of human evolution, closer to children and savages than to an adult, civilized man. There may be distinguished women, but they were a minority. Moreover, Le Bon opposed granting women higher education, saying that when this happens, a social revolution will begin and t hat everything that maintains the sacred family ties will vanish. Gould, reexamining Broca’s data, said that his numbers were sound but his interpretations were ill-founded. Broca made conclusions yet he studied only seven male and six female skulls in L’Homme Mort. Furthermore, he did not consider that brain weight decreases with age. Women in his studies were considerably older than men. Using multiple regression, Gould found that at average height and age, a woman’s brain would weigh 1,212 grams, which reduces Broca’s measured difference of 181 grams to113 grams. Moreover, Broca did not also consider degenerative diseases that often entail substantial decrease of brain size. Many of his subjects were elderly women, assumed to have lengthy degenerative disease than men. In addition, Manouvrier argued that when muscular mass and force are used, difference in brain size will be in favor of men. But with â€Å"sexual mass,† women came out slightly ahead in brain size. Therefore, the corrected 113-gram difference is too large since the true figure is close to zero. To understand Broca’s contentions though, one must realize that he had easier access to women’s brains. However, Maria Montessori concluded that women were intellectually superior, but men had prevailed heretofore by dint of physical force. Gould ended the article with George Eliot’s prelude to Middlemarch, saying Eliot appreciated the special tragedy that biological labeling has imposed upon members of disadvantaged groups, women like herself.

Resourcing and talent management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Resourcing and talent management - Essay Example butother countries as well soared to an all-time high. In the past few years, the countries have tried to recover from the effects that the recession had on them. This is evidenced by economic growth evidenced in the GDP (gross domestic product) of the countries. In the United Kingdom, the economy has been fluctuating since the recession came to an end (LSE, 2013). However, since the end of 2011, the economy of the country has continually deteriorated much to the dismay of many. Economists have referred to this situation as a contracting economy since it has consistently been decreasing. It is important to note that the drops in the GDP are not very dramatic and range between nought point five to point seven (LSE,2013). Based on this information about the reality in the labour market, it is easy to understand the problems facing GIVE. org. It is a charity organization that was formerly among the best. It merged with other mergers, and this affected the group significantly. The greate st problem they are facing is low employee morale. The productivity of an employee is directly related to their confidence. Reduced drive among employees reflects negatively on the business as the staffs do not do their best at work (Nickell and Quintini, 2002, 35). This is especially dangerous for a charity organization since their work is heavily dependent on the optimism of their personnel. A merger during tough economic times can be either extensively beneficial or harmful to the company in question. It is often useful if the merging company is powerful in terms of its capital, for example, (LSE, 2013). In such a case, the more successful business will be able to pull the other through the hard times. On the other hand, amalgamating a business with not one but two smaller firms that were not doing well was not a wise decision for GIVE.org. The merger lowered the performance of the company which in turn affected the confidence of the employees. This is an example of how the event s in the labour market have affected a particular business in this case GIVE.org. Another problem facing the charity business is that most of its employees are leaving. This is probably due to the deterioration of the business as well as the availability of jobs especially from the private sector. This seems to be a contradiction since the economy and the GDP are decreasing. It expected that the companies should be lowering their workforce since their output is low(Nickell and Quintini, 2002, 35). However, in the United Kingdom, this is the complete opposite; the said companies are still hiring more staff even with their output being low. As a result, the employees are under-utilized since they are not working to their full potential. This trend is fast becoming popular and is known as labour hoarding (LSE, 2013). The explanation behind this puzzling development in the labour market, in the U.K., is that the said companies are acquiring the available labour in preparation of a boom in production which will occur when the country experiences economic growth. Many analysts contest this presumption since the labour hoarding has been going on for many years yet no change in the economy has been witnesses. As such, this cannot be the only reason why the companies are still acquiring new employees during this time (Taylor, 2011, 27). This phenomenon explains why the staffs from GIE.org are leaving. They have probably been offered jobs by the private sectors who in spite of the bad

Low Cost Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Low Cost Airlines - Essay Example The emergence of budget airlines is directly attributed to the transformation of the global business environment. The major drivers which facilitated this trend are: the deregulation of the European air travel sector; the establishment of the European Union; the 9/11 tragedy; the rapid technological advancement; and change in customers' lifestyle and preferences. It is irrefutable that the deregulation of the European airline industry primarily contributed to the rise of low cost carriers. It can be recalled that deregulation has lowered the barrier to entry in the industry as well as enhanced the competitiveness of the players which are previously receiving subsidy from the government. This, in turn, largely contributes to the cost efficiency of airline operators allowing them to charge lower prices to passengers. The establishment of the European Union affects the airline industry has the same effect like the deregulation of the sector. This has opened up markets and lowered operat ing costs, encouraging the proliferation of low cost carriers (Sorensen 2006). ... Lastly, technological advancement has significantly enhanced company's efficiency. It can be recalled that the internet technology has lowered the airline's costs in terms of booking and servicing customers by eliminating travel agent costs. This has paved way for huge costs savings which cut down the cost of airline operations (Sorensen 2006). It can be seen that all of the aforementioned factors which paved the way for the emergence and wide acceptance for low cost air travel have altogether pushed the prices of airline operation down allowing the fast entry of prospective players and allowing industry participants to price more competitively. It can be seen that the business model employed by a typical budget airline is primarily affected by these changes in the external environment of companies. A low cost carrier which competes in the European airline industry typically a business model which offers only a single passenger class and a single type of airplane which is usually an Airbus320 or Boeing737 which allows the company to cut on training and servicing costs. Budget airlines also typically employ a very simple fare scheme which rewards early reservation by increasing the fare charged as the plane fills up. There is usually no reserved seating in order to allow customers to choose their own seats thereby encouraging early and quick boarding. In order to drive down operation costs, technological innovation particularly the internet is used in order to eliminate the huge commission usually passed on to travel agencies. Budget airlines also prefer flying on secondary and simplified routes as well as having relatively shorter flights and faster turnaround times. Budget airlines, unlike

NURSING CARE PLAN Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NURSING CARE PLAN - Research Paper Example Dorothea Orem considered all human beings as basically biopsychosocial beings with capabilities and willingness to take care of themselves and also be dependent on others. It is through these capabilities that human beings live and maintain health (Clark, 1986). The ultimate aim of these capabilities is to meet 3 groups of needs, which are known as 'self-care requisites' and they are universal, developmental and health deviation (Orem, 1985; cited in Comley, 1994 ). The requisite for Mr. C at this current juncture is health deviation. Mr. C is in congestive heart failure, has anemia and also deep vein thrombosis. He also has hypothyroidism. He is on lasix and metoprolol for heart failure and coumadin for deeep vein thrombosis. He is very pale because of low hemoglobin and also congestive heart failure. His laboratory tests are suggestive of renal impairment. In view of congestive heart failure, he is dyspneic and his saturations are low. Mr. C needs to feel comfortable at breathing. He is dysneic and his saturations are low.